Microparticles and their Roles in Inflammation: A Review
نویسندگان
چکیده
Microparticles (MPs) were long dismissed as “platelet-dust”, cell debris, with no functional significance. Theyare anucleated vesicles (0.1μm to 1μm), enclosed in a membrane, secretedinto the circulation by cells during cell activation or apoptosis. They have now emerged as mediators and markers of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders. They are distinctly different from exosomes and apoptotic bodiesand are released from nearly every cell type, the most abundant being platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells. MPs can be detected using flow cytometry and more recently by nanotechnology, which is more accuratein detecting, quantifying and phenotypingMPs. MPs are instrumental in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases (thrombotic and atherosclerotic) through their pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant properties. Their levels are significantly elevated in chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. However, increasing evidence suggests they also possess antiinflammatory and anti-coagulant roles which could confer immunoprotection. MPs transport various lipids, proteins, mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) which may influence activities of receiving cells. Particularly the miRNAspecies delivered by MPs have been shown to modulate inflammation. In vitro and in vivo studies are being conducted to bioengineer MPs to facilitate delivery of therapeutic compounds to desired location safely, specifically and more effectively, with fewer side effects. More research is required to understand the composition, origin, mechanisms of formation and release as well as their clearance from the circulation to pave way for gaining greater pharmacological benefits by controlling MP-mediated cellular responses.
منابع مشابه
Advanced Glycation End-Products and Their Receptor-Mediated Roles: Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
Glycation is a protein modification, which results in a change in a protein structure. Glycation is believed to be the etiology of various age-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus and Alz-heimer’s disease (AD). Activation of microglia and resident macrophages in the brain by glycated proteins with subsequent oxidative stress and cytokine release may be an important factor in the progressi...
متن کاملPathophysiologic mechanisms of obesity- and chronic inflammation-related genes in etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome
Objective(s): One of the common heterogeneous reproductive disorders in women of childbearing age is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is characterized by lack of fertility due to anovulatory cycles, hyperandrogenemia, polycystic ovaries, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity. Both reproductive anomalies and metabolic disorders are involved in PCOS pathology. Although the r...
متن کاملCell-derived microparticles and the lung.
Cell-derived microparticles are small (0.1-1 μm) vesicles shed by most eukaryotic cells upon activation or during apoptosis. Microparticles carry on their surface, and enclose within their cytoplasm, molecules derived from the parental cell, including proteins, DNA, RNA, microRNA and phospholipids. Microparticles are now considered functional units that represent a disseminated storage pool of ...
متن کاملCell-derived microparticles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease: friend or foe?
Microparticles are ascribed important roles in coagulation, inflammation, and endothelial function. These processes are mandatory to safeguard the integrity of the organism, and their derangements contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. More recently, the presumed solely harmful role of microparticles has been challenged because microparticles may also be in...
متن کاملFriend or Foe?
Microparticles are ascribed important roles in coagulation, inflammation, and endothelial function. These processes are mandatory to safeguard the integrity of the organism, and their derangements contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. More recently, the presumed solely harmful role of microparticles has been challenged because microparticles may also be in...
متن کاملEndothelial-derived microparticles: Biological conveyors at the crossroad of inflammation, thrombosis and angiogenesis.
Endothelial microparticles (EMP) are complex vesicular structures that can be shed by activated or apoptotic endothelial cells. EMP are composed of a phospholipid bilayer that exposes transmembrane proteins and receptors and encloses cytosolic components such as enzymes, transcription factors and mRNA derived from their parent cells. Thus, EMP behave as biological conveyors playing a key role i...
متن کامل